two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal populations enables optical recording of spiking activity in living animals, but standard laser scanners are too slow to accurately determine spike times. here we report in vivo imaging in mouse neocortex with greatly improved temporal resolution using randomaccess scanning with acousto-optic deflectors. We obtained f luorescence measurements from 34–9 layer 2/3 neurons at a 80–490 hz sampling rate. We detected single action potential–evoked calcium transients with signal-to-noise ratios of 2–5 and determined spike times with near-millisecond precision and 5– 5 ms confidence intervals. An automated ‘peeling’ algorithm enabled reconstruction of complex spike trains from fluorescence traces up to 20–30 hz frequency, uncovering spatiotemporal trial-to-trial variability of sensory responses in barrel cortex and visual cortex. By revealing spike sequences in neuronal populations on a fast time scale, high-speed calcium imaging will facilitate optical studies of information processing in brain microcircuits.
